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Adding special characters in HTML code
HOW-TO
Add special characters in HTML code
ANSWER
Very often special characters, not present on the keyboard, need to be inserted in HTML. These include various punctuation marks and diacritics.
In order to use such in HTML code, you must encode them with generic alpha-numeric characters. Basically, you can encode any character using its Unicode code, for example &#xxxx; where xxxx is its numeric representation. Below is a table with the most often used characters:
Punctuation | HTML Entity (case sensitive) | ISO Latin-1 code | name or meaning |
---|---|---|---|
¡ | ¡ | ¡ | inverted exclamation |
¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark |
" | " | " | quotation mark |
«
» | «
» | «
» | guillemets (European-style quotation marks) |
(Its there, but you can't see it!) | |   | non-breaking space |
Symbols | | ||
& | & | & | ampersand |
¢ | ¢ | ¢ | cent |
© | © | © | copyright |
÷ | ÷ | ÷ | divide |
> | > | > | greater than |
< | < | < | less than |
µ | µ | micron | |
· | · | · | middle dot |
¶ | ¶ | ¶ | pilcrow (paragraph sign) |
± | ± | ± | plus/minus |
£ | £ | £ | British Pound Sterling |
® | ® | ® | registered |
§ | § | § | section |
¥ | ¥ | ¥ | Japanese Yen |
Diacritics | | ||
á
Á | á
Á | á
Á | lower-case "a" with acute accent
upper-case "A" with acute accent |
à
À | à
À | à
À | lower-case "a" with acute accent
upper-case "A" with acute accent |
â
 | &acric;
 | â
 | lower-case "a" with circumflex
upper-case "A" with circumflex |
å
Å | å
Å | å
Å | lower-case "a" with ring
upper-case "A" with ring |
ã
à | ã
à | ã
à | lower-case "a" with tilde
upper-case "A" with tilde |
ä
Ä | ä
Ä | ä
Ä | lower-case "a" with diaeresis/umlaut
upper-case "A" with diaeresis/umlaut |
æ
Æ | æ
Æ | æ
Æ | lower-case "ae" ligature
upper-case "AE" ligature |
ç
Ç | ç
Ç | ç
Ç | lower-case "c" with cedilla
upper-case "C" with cedilla |
é
É | é
É | é
É | lower-case "e" with acute accent
upper-case "E" with acute accent |
è
È | è
È | è
È | lower-case "e" with grave accent
upper-case "E" with grave accent |
ê
Ê | ê
Ê | ê
Ê | lower-case "e" with circumflex
upper-case "E" with circumflex |
ë
Ë | ë
Ë | ë
Ë | lower-case "e" with diaeresis/umlaut
upper-case "E" with diaeresis/umlaut |
í
Í | í
Í | í
Í | lower-case "i" with acute accent
upper-case "I" with acute accent |
ì
Ì | ì
Ì | ì
Ì | lower-case "i" with grave accent
upper-case "I" with grave accent |
î
Î | î
Î | î
Î | lower-case "i" with circumflex
upper-case "I" with circumflex |
ï
Ï | ï
Ï | ï
Ï | lower-case "i" with diaeresis/umlaut
upper-case "I" with diaeresis/umlaut |
ñ
Ñ | ñ
Ñ | ñ
Ñ | lower-case "n" with tilde
upper-case "N" with tilde |
ó
Ó | ó
Ó | ó
Ó | lower-case "o" with acute accent
upper-case "O" with acute accent |
ò
Ò | ò
Ò | ò
Ò | lower-case "o" with grave accent
upper-case "O" with grave accent |
ô
Ô | ô
Ô | ô
Ô | lower-case "o" with circumflex
upper-case "O" with circumflex |
Ø
Ø | ø
Ø | ø
Ø | lower-case "o" with slash
upper-case "O" with slash |
õ
Õ | õ
Õ | õ
Õ | lower-case "o" with tilde
upper-case "O" with tilde |
ö
Ö | ö
Ö | ö
Ö | lower-case "o" with diaeresis/umlaut
upper-case "O" with diaeresis/umlaut |
ß | ß | ß | ess-tsett |
ú
Ú | ú
Ú | ú
Ú | lower-case "u" with acute accent
upper-case "U" with acute accent |
ù
Ù | ù
Ù | ù
Ù | lower-case "u" with grave accent
upper-case "U" with grave accent |
û
Û | û
Û | û
Û | lower-case "u" with circumflex
upper-case "U" with circumflex |
ü
Ü | ü
Ü | ü
Ü | lower-case "u" with diaeresis/umlaut
upper-case "U" with diaeresis/umlaut |
ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | lower-case "y" with diaeresis/umlaut |
´
` | ´
` | acute accent with no letter
grave accent/reversed apostrophe with no |